젠트리피케이션(Gentrification)
젠트리피케이션은 도시에서 비교적 빈곤 계층이 많이 사는 정체 지역(도심 부근의 주거 지역)에 저렴한 임대료를 찾는 예술가들이 몰리게 되고, 그에 따라 이 지역에 문화적/예술적 분위기가 생기게 되자 도심의 중상층/상류층들이 유입되는 인구 이동 현상이다. 따라서 빈곤 지역의 임대료 시세가 올라 지금까지 살고 있던 사람들(특히 예술가들)이 살 수 없게 되거나, 지금까지의 지역 특성이 손실되는 경우가 있다.
Gentrification
Gentrification is a trend in urban neighborhoods, which results in increased property values and the displacing of lower-income families and small businesses. This is a common and widespread controversial topic in urban planning. It refers to shifts in an urban community lifestyle and an increasing share of wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values.
Gentrification is typically the result of increased interest in a certain environment. Early “gentrifiers” may belong to low income artists or boheme communities, which increase the attractiveness and flair of a certain quarter. Further steps are increased investments in a community and the related infrastructure by real estate development businesses local government, or community activists and resulting economic development, increased attraction of business and lower crime rates. In addition to these potential benefits, gentrification can lead to population migration.
In a community undergoing gentrification, the average income increases. Poorer pro-gentrification residents who are unable to pay increased rents or property taxes may find it necessary to relocate.
Origin and etymology
Gentrification is a multi-faceted phenomenon that can be defined in different ways.
Historians say that gentrification took place in ancient Rome and in Roman Britain, where large villas were replacing small shops by the 3rd century, AD. The word gentrification derives from gentry-which comes from the Old French word gentries, “of gentle birth”(14th century) and “people of gentle birth” (16th century). In England, Landed gentry denoted the social class, consisting of gentleman. British sociologist Ruth Glass coined the term “gentrification” in 1964 to describe the influx of middle-class people displacing lower-class worker residents in urban neighborhoods; her example was London, and its working-class districts such as Islington.
One by one, many of the working class neighbourhoods of London have been invaded by the middle-classes—upper and lower. Shabby, modest mews and cottages—two rooms up and two down—have been taken over, when their leases have expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences ... Once this process of 'gentrification' starts in a district it goes on rapidly, until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed.
In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report Health Effects of Gentrification defines the real estate concept of gentrification as “the transformation of neighborhoods from low value to high value. This change has the potential to cause displacement of long-time residents and businesses … when long-time or original neighborhood residents move from a gentrified area because of higher rents, mortgages, and property taxes. Gentrification is a housing, economic, and health issue that affects a community’s history and culture and reduces social capital. It often shifts a neighbourhood’s characteristics, e.g., racial-ethnic composition and household income, by adding new stores and resources in previously run-down neighborhoods.
In the Brookings Institution report Dealing with Neighborhood Change: A Primer on Gentrification and Policy Choices (2001), Maureen Kennedy and Paul Leonard say that “the term ‘gentrification’ is both imprecise and quite politically charged”, suggesting its redefinition as “the process by which higher income households displace lower income residents’ of a neighborhood, changing the essential character and flavour of that neighbourhood” , so distinguishing it from the different socio-economic process of “neighborhood(or urban) revitalization”, although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
Cause
Lon and Palen
There are several approaches that attempt to explain the roots and the reasons behind the spread of gentrification. Bruce London and J.John Palen(1984) compiled a list of five explanations: (1) demographic-ecological, (2) sociocultural, (3) community networks, and (5) social movements.
…
참고 : 서울역 고가도로 프로젝트와 젠트리피케이션 / 글 전민지
고가산책단 <보고서 ㄱ> 3호
발행일 : 2015년 11월 26일
댓글 없음:
댓글 쓰기